Search Tips
Quotation marks " "
Use double quotation marks to find words in the exact order (i.e.. "global warming", "public policy", "mass media"...).
Truncation *
Truncation is represented by an asterisk (*). To use truncation, enter the root of a search term and replace the ending with an *, for example: manag* will search for manage, manages, managing, manager, management.
Boolean operators
Boolean logic defines logical relationships between terms in a search. The Boolean search operators are AND, OR and NOT (always use upper case). You can use these operators to create a very broad or very narrow search.
- AND combines search terms so that each search result contains all of the terms. For example, travel AND Europe finds articles that contain both travel and Europe.
- OR combines search terms so that each search result contains at least one of the terms. For example, college OR university finds results that contain either college or university.
- NOT excludes terms so that each search result does not contain any of the terms that follow it. For example, television NOT cable finds results that contain television but not cable.
Note: When executing a search, AND takes precedence over OR.
The following table illustrates the operation of Boolean terms:
| AND |
OR |
NOT |
| Each result contains all search terms. |
Each result contains at least one search term. |
Results do not contain the specified terms. |
| The search heart AND lung finds items that contain both heart and lung. |
The search heart OR lung finds items that contain either heart or items that contain lung. |
The search heart NOT lung finds items that contain heart but do not contain lung.
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